MODULES IN RUBY

As your program and range of names grows, you may find that
you have code  that's going to cause potential name space
conflicts - repeated names.  That was someting that OO
elegantly solves for classes of objects, but perhaps you
want the equivalent of a class that doesn't instantiate
anything?

You're looking for a NAMESPACE that's loaded in - probably
with a REQUIRE from a MODULE.    Example to follow .... but
we can't stress the importance of namespaces and modules as
your application grows.  Not put too strongly, all the
standard stuff in the libraries is in modules, and it's a
very good ides for you to mimic the principle.

Here's an example module:

module Taxcalc
  VAT_RATE = 17.5
  def Taxcalc.net(gross)
    net = gross / (100.0 + VAT_RATE) * 100.0
    return net
  end
  def Taxcalc.tax(gross)
    tax = gross - net(gross)
  end
end

and a program to use it:

require "taxcalc"

amount = 70.50

shopkeeper = Taxcalc.net(amount)
vatman = Taxcalc.tax(amount)

print "#{vatman} to the taxman\n"
print "#{shopkeeper} to the supplier\n"
print "Tax rate is #{Taxcalc::VAT_RATE}\n"

Note that we preced methods with "modulename." so that
they're just like a  static method, and we preced variables
within the module with :: - not something you'll do all the
time, but useful (in our example) to get  directly at the
VAT rate.

The programs runs as you would hope:

earth-wind-and-fire:~/ruby/r119 grahamellis$ ruby wot.rb
10.5 to the taxman
60.0 to the supplier
Tax rate is 17.5
earth-wind-and-fire:~/ruby/r119 grahamellis$

MIXINS

If you include a module within a class, then the members of
that module also become available as methods in the class.  
This is a superb way to add in functionality to a whole lot
of classes, and in essence does away with any need for
multiple inheritance in very much the same way that Java's
interfaces to away with the need for multiple inheritance in
that language.

Let's define an application with a a class of invoice
objects, and then mix in an updated tax module that defines
instance methods as well as module/class methods.

Here's the updates tax module - remember, this is going o be
mixed in so  it contains a number of methods I want to pull
into my Invoice class but no actual objects.

module Tcalc
  VAT_RATE = 17.5
  def getnet
    net = @howmuch / (100.0 + VAT_RATE) * 100.0
    return net
  end
  def gettax
    tax = @howmuch - self.getnet
  end
end

And here's the code that calls in those methods into the
Invoice class

require "tcalc"

class Invoice
   include Tcalc    # The line that mixes
   def initialize(what,howmuch)
      @what = what
      @howmuch = howmuch
   end
   def getgross
      return @howmuch
   end
   def getwhat
      return @what
   end
end

bills = [Invoice.new("Stefano",240.00),
        Invoice.new("Andy",180.00),
        Invoice.new("Lionel",80),
        Invoice.new("Bruce",60)]

account_line = "%-20s %8.2f %8.2f %8.2f\n"
acl2 = account_line.gsub(".2f","s")

ntot = ttot = gtot = 0.0
print acl2 % ["Descripton", "net", "tax", "gross"]
print acl2 % ["", "=====", "=====", "====="]
bills.each do |bill|
   person = bill.getwhat
   ntot += (net = bill.getnet)
   ttot += (tax = bill.gettax)
   gtot += (gross = bill.getgross)
   print account_line % [person, net, tax, gross]
end
print acl2 % ["", "=====", "=====", "====="]
print account_line % ["TOTAL", ntot, ttot, gtot]


And the result of running that code

earth-wind-and-fire:~/ruby/r119 grahamellis$ ruby mixdem.rb
Descripton                net      tax    gross
                        =====    =====    =====
Stefano                204.26    35.74   240.00
Andy                   153.19    26.81   180.00
Lionel                  68.09    11.91    80.00
Bruce                   51.06     8.94    60.00
                        =====    =====    =====
TOTAL                  476.60    83.40   560.00
earth-wind-and-fire:~/ruby/r119 grahamellis$

USING THE COMPARABLE MIXIN

One of the big uses of mixins in Ruby is to bring in
standard groups of methods to your own class.  A really good
example of this is the Comparable module .... if you want to
redefine the six operators < <= > >= == and <=> in a class
that you've written, then you can do so, or you can make
your life easy by using Comparable and just redefining <=>.

Let's compare the delivery order of some letters for Postman
Pat, who has gone high Tech and has Ruby doing his sorting
for him ... with the  assitance of Jess the cat.

"This demonstration defines a class of objects
of type Delivery which are house numbers and the
name of the recipient.  The postman needs to see
which object to deliver first and which second,
and in order to do so he goes up the even numbers
then back down the odd numbers.

For readers who are not from the UK, British streets
are usually numbered back and forth across the road
so that you have 1,3,5,7 etc on one side and 2,4,6,8
etc on the other. And with modern busy traffic, the
postman does NOT want to keep crossing!!"

class Delivery
   include Comparable
   def initialize(number,name)
      @name=name
      @number=number
   end
   def getnumber
      @number
   end
   def <=> (partner)
      print "I'll ask Jess\n"
      return -1 if @number.modulo(2) != 0 and partner.getnumber.modulo(2) == 0
      return 1 if @number.modulo(2) == 0 and partner.getnumber.modulo(2) != 0
      return partner.getnumber <=> @number if @number.modulo(2) == 0
      return @number <=> partner.getnumber
   end
   def to_s
      "Deliver to #{@name} at #{@number}"
   end
end

gordon = Delivery.new(10,"Mr Dodge")
graham = Delivery.new(404,"Mr Ellis")
reggie = Delivery.new(22,"Dr Dodson")
kim = Delivery.new(25,"Ms Ellis")
chris = Delivery.new(15,"Mr Ellis")

print kim," before ",chris,"\n" if kim < chris
print chris," before ",kim,"\n" if kim >= chris

print reggie," before ",chris,"\n" if reggie < chris
print chris," before ",reggie,"\n" if reggie >= chris

print reggie," before ",graham,"\n" if reggie < graham
print graham," before ",reggie,"\n" if reggie >= graham

print reggie," before ",gordon,"\n" if reggie < gordon
print gordon," before ",reggie,"\n" if reggie >= gordon

print reggie," before ",kim,"\n" if reggie < kim
print kim," before ",reggie,"\n" if reggie >= kim


And running the program:

earth-wind-and-fire:~/ruby/r119 grahamellis$ ruby pat.rb
I'll ask Jess
I'll ask Jess
Deliver to Mr Ellis at 15 before Deliver to Ms Ellis at 25
I'll ask Jess
I'll ask Jess
Deliver to Mr Ellis at 15 before Deliver to Dr Dodson at 22
I'll ask Jess
I'll ask Jess
Deliver to Mr Ellis at 404 before Deliver to Dr Dodson at 22
I'll ask Jess
Deliver to Dr Dodson at 22 before Deliver to Mr Dodge at 10
I'll ask Jess
I'll ask Jess
I'll ask Jess
Deliver to Ms Ellis at 25 before Deliver to Dr Dodson at 22
earth-wind-and-fire:~/ruby/r119 grahamellis$



See also