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For 2023 (and 2024 ...) - we are now fully retired from IT training.
We have made many, many friends over 25 years of teaching about Python, Tcl, Perl, PHP, Lua, Java, C and C++ - and MySQL, Linux and Solaris/SunOS too. Our training notes are now very much out of date, but due to upward compatability most of our examples remain operational and even relevant ad you are welcome to make us if them "as seen" and at your own risk.

Lisa and I (Graham) now live in what was our training centre in Melksham - happy to meet with former delegates here - but do check ahead before coming round. We are far from inactive - rather, enjoying the times that we are retired but still healthy enough in mind and body to be active!

I am also active in many other area and still look after a lot of web sites - you can find an index ((here))

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Perl module P218
More Objects
Exercises, examples and other material relating to training module P218. This topic is presented on public courses Perl Programming, Perl for Larger Projects, Learning to program in Perl, Perl Programming

How do we define Inheritance and overloading in Perl? What inherits from where? What happens if a method is missing? How do we make variables from a module available in a calling module?

Related technical and longer articles
Object Orientation in Perl - First Steps
Is Perl truly an OO language?

Articles and tips on this subjectupdated
4366Changing what operators do on objects - a comparison across different programming languages
In Object Oriented languages, you used named pieces of code known as methods to perform an operation on a variable - for example you might write   weeklist.extend(weekend) to take a list of (something) for a week and add a list relating to weekend onto the end of it. Sometimes, the method ...
2014-12-30
(longer)
4356Object factories in C++, Python, PHP and Perl
Raw materials are converted into a manufactured product in a factory or by a factory procedure, and the sort of product you can make depends on both the raw material that's supplied and on the capability of the factory. And so it is with Object Oriented Computer Programming - supply raw material ...
2014-12-19
 
4096Perl design patterns example
For short programs, just a few lines of code in a single block do an excellent job. As the program size increases, some sort of structure such as named blocks of code (sub, def, function, proc, lambda etc) becomes logical. And as the code grows further, you should consider splitting out logic relating ...
2013-05-25
 
4098Using object orientation for non-physical objects
A table, a flower, a dog, a train and the second hand on a clock are all physical objects. And when teaching people about Object Oriented programming, using such things as examples is a real help in getting the concepts across an showing how they're implemented. But objects to further than that too - ...
2013-05-25
 
3941Building an object based on another object in Perl
When you create an object, you call a constructor method. In many languages, there's a special name for this method and the word new or init is often involved ... so in Perl it's a good convention to use new as well. Example:   $first = new roundtable(1800,"Pine"); Where does Perl find the ...
2012-12-08
 
3581Perl - calls to methods that use => - what do they mean?
Have you seen Perl method calls that look like this?   $present = new box(-smell => "chocolate", noise => "silent"); and wondered "what is all this => stuff" and "what's the - sign for"? That's a call that could be fairly typical of the sort you'll see in the documentation of any number of ...
2012-01-28
 
3377What do I mean when I add things in Perl?
Some things have a natural concept of addition. And of multiplication. You can add numbers - 5 + 7 gives 12. You can add strings of text - "Hello " + "World" = "Hello World". You can add day trippers to a train and get a busier train (and add too many and you'll get an overcrowded unhappy train, ...
2011-08-03
 
3097Making Perl class definitions more conventional and shorter
Perl 5's object oriented capabilities are excellent - but often a little longwinded, and quite easy to get wrong. Moose sells itself as "postmodern object system for Perl 5 that takes the tedium out of writing object-oriented Perl"; it's available for download from the CPAN under same license as Perl ...
2010-12-24
 
3098Learning Object Orientation in Perl through bananas and perhaps Moose
Perl has the most incredbible range of OO facilities (though at times it's overfeatured and a bit old fashioned / tricky to use). So yesterday I wrote a whole series of examples ... and then went on to explore Moose - a module which adds extra keywords and lets you define your classes in a shorter ...
2010-12-21
 
2876Different perl examples - some corners I rarely explore
The private Perl course that I ran on Wednesday through Friday of last week was a little out of the ordinary as we were concentrating far more that usual on a wide variety of practices that may be found - either in legacy code or advanced recent code. Great fun for me, and plenty of new examples. Here ...
2010-12-04
(longest)
2972Some more advanced Perl examples from a recent course
I ran an extra Perl for larger projects course, single company, at the tail end of last week and into the weekend (the only gap in my diary for a few weeks!) and - as is often the case on single-company courses - I wrote some new illustrative code to show specific subjects that came up in a different ...
2010-09-27
 
2427Operator overloading - redefining addition and other Perl tricks
What does addition actually mean? It means different things depending on what you're adding together, and in Perl you can redefine additions - and other operators - on objects of types which you define. This is known as operator overloading, and there's a complete code example here. So ... how do ...
2010-06-20
 
2811Igloos melt in the summer, but houses do not
In Germany, a house will grow in value over the years (perhaps current economic climate excluded) but an Igloo will loose all of its value in summer (it will melt!).From last week's Perl course, where I briefly covered object orientation in Perl (the course briefing only asked me to cover it briefly), ...
2010-06-15
 
2717The Multiple Inheritance Conundrum, interfaces and mixins
Should an OO programming language support "multiple inheritance"? Let's define multiple inheritance first - starting from simple (single?) inheritance. (Single) Inheritance. I don't want to have to define each type of thing ("class of object") from scratch, so I'll define once class as being based ...
2010-04-13
 
2651Calculation within objects - early, last minute, or cached?
When you create an object with the constructor, you may also set property [attribute] values within it ... or you may follow on with a series of method calls to set the initial values. Then when you pull back values / attributes / properties from your object you return those values, or the results ...
2010-03-03
 
1949Nuclear Physics comes to our web site
One of the major projects that we'll be undertaking in the near future is aimed at improving the findability of information on our site - you shouldn't need to know that you need a blog article dated 2nd Feb 2007 to find about the difference between a comparator and comparable in Java, nor to look up ...
2008-12-17
 
1819Calling base class constructors
In all object oriented languages, you have a facility called inheritance where you can define one type of thing ("class of object") based on another, and the newly defined class ("subclass" or "extended class") takes the initial ("base") class as it starting point. In your code for your base class, ...
2008-10-03
 
1665Factory method example - Perl
Utility methods (factorys) are often used to create objects which may be of any of one of a series of different classes, depending on the data passed in. Have a look at this Perl program which reads in data from a log file and creates a list of web site visit objects: use visit;   open (FH,"ac_20080527");   while ...
2008-06-05
 
1664Example of OO in Perl
Although Perl 5 doesn't use the words "class", "method" or "object" (or any of the other common OO words), it never the less has a very good OO model indeed - here's the source code of an example, together with the result of running the sample. I'll then give you a few clues! use train; use bus;   push ...
2008-06-03
 
227Bellringing and Programming and Objects and Perl
For the second time this year (and it's only the second month), I find that I have a keen bell-ringer on my programming course ... he's off each evening to meet up with fellow bell-ringers in church towers in Wiltshire, and having a really good time outside course hours as well as during the day. I understand ...
2008-05-16
 
1435Object Oriented Programming in Perl - Course
Perl Review (module P251) Subroutines in Perl (module P209) More than Simple Lists and Hashes! (module P217) Object Orientation: Individual Objects (module Q906) Creating your own Classes (module P213) Object Orientation: Composite Objects (module Q909) More Objects (module P218) Object Orientation: ...
2007-11-19
 
1320Perl for Larger Projects - Object Oriented Perl
Perl is a powerful language for short utility scripts - AND a powerful object oriented language too, which is great if you're going to be writing longer applications and / or a suite of programs with shared code. We run a general course that introduced Perl for everyone and also a more advanced course ...
2007-08-28
 
1217What are factory and singleton classes?
Do you find some of the OO terminolgy baffling? Once you've learnt about constructors and methods, inheritance, overloading and polymorphism and statics, you might think you're there. Then someone mentions a "factory class" or a "singleton" ... Fear not - factory and singleton classes are posh names ...
2007-06-08
 
930-> , >= and => in Perl
Yes, Perl is eclectic - lots of things it can do, taken from lots of places and so, yes, it does have all three of those operators! -> Run the method named to the right on the object named on the left >= Return 1 (a true value) if the expression to the left is numerically greater than the expression ...
2006-11-18
 
831Comparison of Object Oriented Philosophy - Python, Java, C++, Perl
There are two different philosophies that have been adopted by the authors of Object Oriented languages. The first approach is to set the thing up in such a way that a programmer who uses someone else's code as the basis for his isn't going to be trusted to use that other person's code in a sensible ...
2006-08-14
 
531Packages in packages in Perl
In perl, all your variables (except "my" ones, which we'll leave for another day) are arranged into packages, and by default that's a package called "main". So if you write about a scalar called $jeremy, that's really $main::jeremy and if you write about a named block of code called &mary, that's ...
2006-06-09
 
592NOT Gone phishing
Early last week, I was giving a training course on Perl and talking a little bit about Perl objects - how all the internal logic that's associated with a particular type of data can be hidden within a source file so that the person writing the code to call it up only needs to understand what to put in, ...
2006-06-09
 
246When to bless a Perl variable
Perl's bless function, which turns a reference into an instance of an object, it typically called up as the last action in a constructor method. On today's Perl for Larger Projects course, I was challenged as to when else it might be used. Here's an example - when loading a file of information into ...
2006-06-05
 
Examples from our training material
angler   Program to demonstrate use of phisherman class
animal.pm   A framework for a generic base class
basket   Sample program - polymorphism in Perl OO
bne   a standard base class?
cafe   Test application - use of EXPORTER
cafe3   cafe3 - offer a number of dishes
coin.pm   Simple base class defining a coin
collect   Application that uses commememorative coin class
commemorative.pm   A class which uses simple inheritance
dish.pm   package showing Exporter
fldo   Set up obects via a utility factory (main prog)
fruit.pm  
horse.pm   BEGIN END DESTROY and import special methods
li2   the @INC list and the %INC hash
lookinc   Display the @INC list
needbr   require is runtime, use is compiletime
offspring.pm   class offspring - an animal that need attention
oo6   SUPER example
opolop   Operator Overloading in Perl
overload_add.pl   Operator (+) and to_string overloading, Perl
pet.pm   a pet is an animal ... inheritance ...
phisherman.pm   A simple class in Perl
pover   overloading operators
ptest   test harness for the program.pm class
rider   Application that uses the horse.pm module
runner.pm   Multiple classes in a single file
runtest   Test code - for polymorphism / inheritance demo
tabby.pm   calling the base class constructor in Perl
teacup.pm   For use with require demo
test_class_1   Test harness for class "animal"
test_class_2   Test harness for the various subclasses of animal
tharness   Perl program, calls 2 classes, polymorphism and interitance
tptest   Test program for the trainingprogram.pm class
transport.pm   Definition of a transport animal
ua   Looking at data via Data::Dumper
visit.pm   Set up obects via a utility factory (classes prog)
Pictures
Object Oriented programming for larger projects
Background information
Some modules are available for download as a sample of our material or under an Open Training Notes License for free download from [here].
Topics covered in this module
A Generic Class.
Where to look for modules.
Inheritance and hierarchy.
The Base class.
The derived class.
Special methods.
Imports and exports.
Exporting variables.
Importing variables.
Further notes on object orientation.
Extending our earlier generic example.
Summary.
Complete learning
If you are looking for a complete course and not just a information on a single subject, visit our Listing and schedule page.

Well House Consultants specialise in training courses in Ruby, Lua, Python, Perl, PHP, and MySQL. We run Private Courses throughout the UK (and beyond for longer courses), and Public Courses at our training centre in Melksham, Wiltshire, England. It's surprisingly cost effective to come on our public courses - even if you live in a different country or continent to us.

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