What's the effect of having a meal? There are many. "You're not hungry any more" is the obvious answer, but also "there's washing up to do", "there's a gap on the shelves" and so on.

And yet when programming with an assignment statement (or a set command in Tcl - I am running a Tcl course this week) there's just a single returned value that is saved to a resut variable.

In Tcl, multiple values could be returned in a list just as in other languages they could be returned in a list / array / hash / tuple / object / dictionary, but Tcl also lets you pass in the names of extra return variables to your proc and then access them within a proc via upvar, or even reach out to variables in the calling code via uplevel.

How does this work?

I wrote an example on yesterday's course - source code [here] - where I was working out how many widgets I could buy for a certain amount of money. The return value was to be the quantity, but I wanted to set a subsiduary result too from which the calling code could ascertain how much money was left. The call:

  set stocklevel [buy $each $cashinhand cashleft]
  puts "You can buy $stocklevel and you will have $cashleft still to spend"

Note that the target variable for the seond return has no $ in front of it. You're passing in the name of the variable, so that you can declare your proc as follows:

  proc buy {unit money_in change} {
      upvar $change payback

which says "The variable who's NAME is passed in in the "change" variable from the calling code is to have another name - an alias - of "payback" in the code of the proc. So that when I set payback:

  set payback [format %.2f [expr $money_in - $unit * $afford]]

I am really setting the variable named in $change in the calling code ... and that's the variable in that calling code called "cashleft".

---

There's an alternative - which I'm mentioning here for completeness - the uplevel command. With uplevel, you can request that a piece of code within a proc is performed in the variable namespace of the parent. So another way of returning the second value is to set it directly in the "calling scope":

  uplevel "set cashleft $payback"

Under most circumstances, upvar is going to give you better flexibility, though, as the calling code will be able to specify a different variable name each time the proc is called rather than being hardwired, and harder to maintain. There is, however, a new full example of uplevel [here] on the web site.
(written 2011-09-01, updated 2011-09-02)

 T207 - Tcl/Tk - Procedures and Variable Scope
  [3629] Sharing lots of values in Tcl without having lots of global declarations - (2012-02-28)
  [3192] Tcl - Some example of HOW TO in handling data files and formats - (2011-03-04)
  [2929] Passing a variable number of parameters in to a function / method - (2010-08-20)
  [2520] Global and Enable - two misused words! - (2009-11-30)
  [2476] Tcl - uplevel to run code at calling level - (2009-10-24)
  [2466] Tcl - passing arrays and strings in and back out of procs - (2009-10-22)
  [1782] Calling procs in Tcl and how it compares to Perl - (2008-09-02)
  [1404] Tcl - global, upvar and uplevel. - (2007-10-24)
  [1163] A better alternative to cutting and pasting code - (2007-04-26)
  [775] Do not duplicate your code - (2006-06-23)
  [409] Functions and commands with dangerous names - (2005-08-11)
  [308] Call by name v call by value - (2005-05-11)
  [122] Passing arrays to procs in Tcl - (2004-11-18)
  [96] Variable Scope - (2004-10-22)

Back to If its Sunday, must it be Weymouth?

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Forward to User defined sorting and other uses of callbacks in Tcl and Tk

Tcl packages, pkg_mkIndex, pkgIndex.tcl -what are they and why use them.
What is a namespace and why do we need them?
Storing Tcl source code encoded, and running via your own C program
User defined sorting and other uses of callbacks in Tcl and Tk
Passing back multiple results in Tcl - upvar and uplevel
If its Sunday, must it be Weymouth?
Handling binary data in Perl is easy!
Single and double quotes strings in Perl - what is the difference?
A review of the Summer Sunday extra trains on the TransWilts line
When variables behave differently - Tie in Perl