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For 2023 (and 2024 ...) - we are now fully retired from IT training.
We have made many, many friends over 25 years of teaching about Python, Tcl, Perl, PHP, Lua, Java, C and C++ - and MySQL, Linux and Solaris/SunOS too. Our training notes are now very much out of date, but due to upward compatability most of our examples remain operational and even relevant ad you are welcome to make us if them "as seen" and at your own risk.

Lisa and I (Graham) now live in what was our training centre in Melksham - happy to meet with former delegates here - but do check ahead before coming round. We are far from inactive - rather, enjoying the times that we are retired but still healthy enough in mind and body to be active!

I am also active in many other area and still look after a lot of web sites - you can find an index ((here))
The tourists guide to Linux

When visitors come to this country for a touring holiday, they'll land at Gatwick and take in London, Stonehenge, Bath, Stratord-upon-Avon, York (pehaps) and Edinburgh. That will give them a flavour but none of the details (and of course they'll miss gems such as Melksham and Radstock). But they will get a flavour and want to come back

The Linux File system, even on a newly built system, has a very large number of files and directories ... but there are a few areas that you'll really want to be aware of. Let's have a quick look around, starting at the root.

Under /

/mnt - where other devices are mounted "casually"

/bin - "binary" - i.e. programs
Specifically - programs that are needed early in boot process

/etc - config files and info

/dev - devices

/home - user's home directories
Often mounted from a separate slice / partition
(slice is a p.c. alternative word to partition!)

/lib - "programmer's libraries"
BUT BE CAREFUL - they are dynamically loaded so you must keep 'em

/sbin "SYSTEM binary" - i.e. programs that only the admin needs
Specifically - programs that are needed early in boot process

/var - things that vary within the main system as it runs
(e.g. mail and print queues, system logs)

/usr - the main operating system - things that do NOT vary
This is HUGE. more to follow below!

/tmp - temporary file
A scratch area for anyone to use!

LETS GO DEEPER ;-)

In /usr ... you find a bit more of the same!

/usr/bin
/usr/sbin
/usr/etc
/usr/lib
/usr/tmp
Same as in root ... but not needed at early boot stage! (History - in the past, when discs were expensive, most of the OS was shared over the network on some installations and /usr was a mount point) and also ...

/usr/share
Things which don't change even between architectures - e.g. fonts, time zone definitions, manual pages ...

/usr/include
Programmer's include file

/usr/local
see further below!

LETS GO DEEPER ;-)

In /usr/local ...

... you find the things you have added locally to the operating system. That's great because you keep it all in one place and can back up from system "Trowbridge" and install on system "Chippenham" without having to do all the build work on Chippenham. You can also backup /usr/local, upgrade or reinstall the base OS, then restore the backup ... oh - and you can also save the need to back up the rest of /usr very often (and it's huge!) as it never changes!

/usr/local/bin
/usr/local/sbin
/usr/local/etc
/usr/local/lib
/usr/local/share
/usr/local/include

/usr/local/src
Sometime an "src" turns up for source code as do things like ...
/usr/local/apache2
/usr/local/tomcat
/usr/local/java
/usr/local/[other application name!]
(written 2008-05-20)

 
Associated topics are indexed as below, or enter http://melksh.am/nnnn for individual articles
A162 - Web Application Deployment - Backups and File System Management
  [153] Linux - where to put swap space - (2004-12-16)
  [334] Symbolic links and hard links - (2005-06-02)
  [554] What backup is adequate? - (2006-01-04)
  [593] Finding where the disc space has gone - (2006-02-06)
  [703] Copying files and preserving ownership - (2006-04-28)
  [735] Boys will be boys, saved by Ubuntu - (2006-05-27)
  [754] tar, jar, war, ear, sar files - (2006-06-10)
  [1013] Copy multiple files - confusing error message from cp - (2006-12-30)
  [1023] Finding public writeable things on your linux file system - (2007-01-06)
  [1288] Linux run states, shell special commands, and directory structures - (2007-08-03)
  [1439] Linux / Unix - layout of operating system files - (2007-11-20)
  [1765] Dialects of English and Unix - (2008-08-21)
  [1801] Will your backups work if you have to restore them? - (2008-09-18)
  [1893] Some Linux and Unix tips - (2008-11-18)
  [2299] How much space does my directory take - Linux - (2009-07-20)
  [4056] An overpractical test of our backup strategy! - (2013-03-30)
  [4063] Backups by crossover between network centres - setting up automatic scp transfers - (2013-04-13)
  [4115] More or less back - what happened to our server the other day - (2013-06-14)
  [4390] Checking MySQL database backups have worked (not failed) - (2015-01-10)
  [4400] Commenting out an echo killed my bash backup script - (2015-01-19)
  [4405] Backup procedures - via backup server - (2015-01-24)
  [4481] Extracting data from backups to restore selected rows from MySQL tables - (2015-05-01)


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This is a page archived from The Horse's Mouth at http://www.wellho.net/horse/ - the diary and writings of Graham Ellis. Every attempt was made to provide current information at the time the page was written, but things do move forward in our business - new software releases, price changes, new techniques. Please check back via our main site for current courses, prices, versions, etc - any mention of a price in "The Horse's Mouth" cannot be taken as an offer to supply at that price.

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